![]() Three years later, in November 1917, the Bolsheviks seized power during the Russian Revolution. In 1912, Lenin, who was then in exile in Switzerland, appointed Stalin to serve on the first Central Committee of the Bolshevik Party. Stalin also fathered several children out of wedlock. Nadezhda committed suicide in her early 30s. They had two children, a boy and a girl (Stalin’s only daughter, Svetlana Alliluyeva, caused an international scandal when she defected to the United States in 1967). In 1918 (some sources cite 1919), Stalin married his second wife, Nadezhda “Nadya” Alliluyeva, the daughter of a Russian revolutionary. Ekaterina perished from typhus when her son was an infant. The couple had one son, Yakov, who died as a prisoner in Germany during World War II. In 1906, Stalin married Ekaterina “Kato” Svanidze, a seamstress. ![]() He was arrested multiple times between 19, and subjected to imprisonment and exile in Siberia. ![]() Stalin also became involved in various criminal activities, including bank heists, the proceeds from which were used to help fund the Bolshevik Party. He adopted the name Koba, after a fictional Georgian outlaw-hero, and joined the more militant wing of the Marxist Social Democratic movement, the Bolsheviks, led by Vladimir Lenin. In 1899, Stalin was expelled from the seminary for missing exams, although he claimed it was for Marxist propaganda.Īfter leaving school, Stalin became an underground political agitator, taking part in labor demonstrations and strikes. While there he began secretly reading the work of German social philosopher and Communist Manifesto author Karl Marx, becoming interested in the revolutionary movement against the Russian monarchy. As a teen, he earned a scholarship to attend a seminary in the nearby city of Tblisi and study for the priesthood in the Georgian Orthodox Church. As a boy, Stalin contracted smallpox, which left him with lifelong facial scars. His father was a shoemaker and an alcoholic who beat his son, and his mother was a laundress. Today, it is one of Russia's largest cities and a key industrial center. In 1961, as part of the de-Stalinization process, the city, located along Europe's longest river, the Volga, became known as Volgograd. When he was in his 30s, he took the name Stalin, from the Russian for “man of steel.”ĭid you know? In 1925, the Russian city of Tsaritsyn was renamed Stalingrad. He grew up in the small town of Gori, Georgia, then part of the Russian empire. Joseph Stalin was born Josef Vissarionovich Djugashvili on December 18, 1878, or December 6, 1878, according to the Old Style Julian calendar (although he later invented a new birth date for himself: December 21, 1879).
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